Common Names: spinulose woodfern
Genome duplication and hybridization shape the characteristics, behavior, and reproduction patterns of land plants like the Dryopteris carthusiana complex. This group consists of one diploid species (D. expansa) and two allotetraploid species (D. carthusiana and D. dilatata) in Central Europe. Similar appearances, adaptability, and the presence of hybrids have created ongoing debates regarding species definitions. The study explores the significance of these processes in understanding the evolution and diversity of land plants.