Robinia pseudoacacia

Common Names: false acacia, yellow locust, black locust

Ethnobotanical Studies

Studies

Revealing nutrient limitation status of microorganisms in the soil of Robinia pseudoacacia plantation through soil stoichiometry and enzyme metrology.

Zhang K et al (2024).
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao.
DOI:
10.13287/j.1001-9332.202407.004
PubMed:
39233408

Sulfur availability and nodulation modify the response of Robinia pseudoacacia L. to lead (Pb) exposure.

Xue C et al (2024).
J Hazard Mater.
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135612
PubMed:
39182290

Optimistic growth of marginal region plantations under climate warming: Assessing divergent drought resilience.

Li J et al (2024).
Glob Chang Biol.
DOI:
10.1111/gcb.17459
PubMed:
39161210

Shifts in fungal community diversity and potential function under natural forest succession and planted forest restoration in the Kunyu Mountains, East China.

Zhu P et al (2024).
Ecol Evol.
DOI:
10.1002/ece3.70055
PubMed:
39157670

Oral administration of Robinia pseudoacacia L. flower exosome-like nanoparticles attenuates gastric and small intestinal mucosal ferroptosis caused by hypoxia through inhibiting HIF-1α- and HIF-2α-mediated lipid peroxidation.

Gastroenterology
Wang D et al (2024).
J Nanobiotechnology.
DOI:
10.1186/s12951-024-02663-6
PubMed:
39134988

Ethnobotany around the Virovitica Area in NW Slavonia (Continental Croatia)-Record of Rare Edible Use of Fungus Sarccoscypha coccinea.

Ethnobotany
Vitasović-Kosić I et al (2024).
Plants (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/plants13152153
PubMed:
39124271

Chemodiversity of dissolved organic matter and its association with the bacterial community at a zinc smelting slag site after 10 years of direct revegetation.

Zhou D et al (2024).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175322
PubMed:
39111427

Mechanisms of litter input changes on soil organic carbon dynamics: a microbial carbon use efficiency-based perspective.

Zeng J et al (2024).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175092
PubMed:
39079645

The potential of non-native tree species to provide major ecosystem services in Austrian forests.

Konic J et al (2024).
Front Plant Sci.
DOI:
10.3389/fpls.2024.1402601
PubMed:
39011308

Overexpression of RpKTI2 from Robinia pseudoacacia Affects the Photosynthetic Physiology and Endogenous Hormones of Tobacco.

Zhou J et al (2024).
Plants (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/plants13131867
PubMed:
38999707

Urban forest species selection for improvement of ecological benefits in Polish cities - The actual and forecast potential.

Kacprzak MJ et al (2024).
J Environ Manage.
DOI:
10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121732
PubMed:
38981262

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal interactions bridge the support of root-associated microbiota for slope multifunctionality in an erosion-prone ecosystem.

Gastroenterology
Qiu T et al (2024).
Imeta.
DOI:
10.1002/imt2.187
PubMed:
38898982

Applying taper function models for black locust plantations in Greek post-mining areas.

Wilms F et al (2024).
Sci Rep.
DOI:
10.1038/s41598-024-63048-1
PubMed:
38866843

Exotic plantations differ in "nursing" an understory invader: A probe into invasional meltdown.

Wang T et al (2024).
Ecol Evol.
DOI:
10.1002/ece3.11398
PubMed:
38799399

Physiological and Proteomic Responses of the Tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia L. to High CO(2) Levels.

Li J et al (2024).
Int J Mol Sci.
DOI:
10.3390/ijms25105262
PubMed:
38791300

Variation in Pesticide Toxicity in the Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Associated with Consuming Phytochemically Different Monofloral Honeys.

Liao LH, Wu WY and Berenbaum MR (2024).
J Chem Ecol.
DOI:
10.1007/s10886-024-01495-w
PubMed:
38760625

Lead and copper removal from sterile dumps by phytoremediation with Robinia pseudoacacia.

Chirilă Băbău AM et al (2024).
Sci Rep.
DOI:
10.1038/s41598-024-60412-z
PubMed:
38684877

Leaf carbon chemistry effectively manipulated soil microbial profiles and induced metabolic adjustments under different revegetation types in the loess Plateau, China.

Chen H et al (2024).
J Environ Manage.
DOI:
10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120880
PubMed:
38669879

Long-term vegetation restoration promotes lignin phenol preservation and microbial anabolism in forest plantations: Implications for soil organic carbon dynamics.

Li J et al (2024).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172635
PubMed:
38643876

Does increasing forest age lead to greater trade-offs in ecosystem services? A study of a Robinia pseudoacacia artificial forest on the Loess Plateau, China.

Zhao D et al (2024).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171737
PubMed:
38508272

Effects of Rainfall Exclusion Treatment on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Black Locust in the Sub-Humid Region of the Loess Plateau, China.

Guo H et al (2024).
Plants (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/plants13050704
PubMed:
38475549

Tight coupling between leaf δ(13) C and N content along leaf ageing in the N(2) -fixing legume tree black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.).

Ren W, Tian L and Querejeta JI (2024).
Physiol Plant.
DOI:
10.1111/ppl.14235
PubMed:
38472162

Co-inoculation of rhizobia and AMF improves growth, nutrient uptake, and cadmium resistance of black locust grown in sand culture.

Zhang F et al (2024).
Physiol Plant.
DOI:
10.1111/ppl.14205
PubMed:
38439620

Long-term effects of vegetation restoration and forest management on carbon pools and nutrient storages in northeastern Loess Plateau, China.

Feng T et al (2024).
J Environ Manage.
DOI:
10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120296
PubMed:
38341910

Temporal profiling of physiological, histological, and transcriptomic dissection during auxin-induced adventitious root formation in tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia micro-cuttings.

Uddin S et al (2024).
Planta.
DOI:
10.1007/s00425-024-04341-1
PubMed:
38332379

Significance of phosphorus deficiency for the mitigation of mercury toxicity in the Robinia pseudoacacia L.- rhizobia symbiotic association.

Liu R et al (2024).
J Hazard Mater.
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133717
PubMed:
38325100

Physiological responses of low- and high-cadmium accumulating Robinia pseudoacacia-rhizobium symbioses to cadmium stress.

Gao L et al (2024).
Environ Pollut.
DOI:
10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123456
PubMed:
38307241

Transcriptomic and Phenotypic Analyses Reveal the Molecular Mechanism of Dwarfing in Tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia L.

Wu Y et al (2024).
Int J Mol Sci.
DOI:
10.3390/ijms25021312
PubMed:
38279314

Dieback and Replacement of Riparian Trees May Impact Stream Ecosystem Functioning.

Alonso A et al (2024).
Microb Ecol.
DOI:
10.1007/s00248-024-02343-w
PubMed:
38228918

Leaf Extracts of Invasive Woody Species Demonstrate Allelopathic Effects on the Growth of a Lawn Grass Mixture.

Shelepova OV et al (2023).
Plants (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/plants12244084
PubMed:
38140411

Effects of NaHCO(3) Stress on Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) Physiology, Biochemistry, and Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities.

Liu L et al (2023).
Microorganisms.
DOI:
10.3390/microorganisms11122941
PubMed:
38138085

Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Black Locust) Leaflets as Biomonitors of Airborne Microplastics.

Jafarova M et al (2023).
Biology (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/biology12121456
PubMed:
38132282

Effects of stand density on the structure of soil microbial functional groups in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau, China.

Zhao M et al (2023).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169337
PubMed:
38103600

Reforestation regulated soil bacterial community structure along vertical profiles in the Loess Plateau.

Wu F et al (2023).
Front Microbiol.
DOI:
10.3389/fmicb.2023.1324052
PubMed:
38088965

Physiological tolerance of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and changes of rhizospheric bacterial communities in response to Cd and Pb in the contaminated soil.

Luo XF et al (2023).
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.
DOI:
10.1007/s11356-023-31260-7
PubMed:
38079046

Antagonistic effect of mercury and excess nitrogen exposure reveals provenance-specific phytoremediation potential of black locust-rhizobia symbiosis.

Liu R et al (2023).
Environ Pollut.
DOI:
10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123050
PubMed:
38042473

Precipitation pattern alters the effects of nitrogen deposition on the growth of alien species Robinia pseudoacacia.

Wang X et al (2023).
Heliyon.
DOI:
10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21822
PubMed:
38034734

Ecological stoichiometry of leaf-litter-fine roots in mixed plantations in mountainous area of Southern Ningxia, China.

Li XY et al (2023).
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao.
DOI:
10.13287/j.1001-9332.202311.009
PubMed:
37997399

Root distribution characteristics of monoculture and mixture of Pinus tabuliformis and Robinia pseudoacacia plantation.

Guo Y et al (2023).
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao.
DOI:
10.13287/j.1001-9332.202311.008
PubMed:
37997398

Broad environmental adaptation of abundant microbial taxa in Robinia pseudoacacia forests during long-term vegetation restoration.

Li J et al (2023).
Environ Res.
DOI:
10.1016/j.envres.2023.117720
PubMed:
37996008

Consequences of excess urea application on photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen metabolism of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings.

Zhang Y et al (2023).
Chemosphere.
DOI:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140619
PubMed:
37944768

[Responses of tree growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency of Robinia pseudoacacia to climate factors].

Hu XC et al (2023).
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao.
DOI:
10.13287/j.1001-9332.202310.011
PubMed:
37897267

Divergent patterns and drivers of leaf functional traits of Robinia pseudoacacia and Pinus tabulaeformis plantations along a precipitation gradient in the Loess plateau, China.

Zhang Z et al (2023).
J Environ Manage.
DOI:
10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119318
PubMed:
37857219

Effects of AMF inoculation on the growth, photosynthesis, and root physiological morphology of root-pruned Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings.

Sun J et al (2023).
Tree Physiol.
DOI:
10.1093/treephys/tpad130
PubMed:
37847604

Enhancing remediation potential of heavy metal contaminated soils through synergistic application of microbial inoculants and legumes.

Zheng K et al (2023).
Front Microbiol.
DOI:
10.3389/fmicb.2023.1272591
PubMed:
37840744

Diverse Interactions: Root-Nodule Formation and Herb-Layer Composition in Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) Stands.

Csiszár Á et al (2023).
Plants (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/plants12183253
PubMed:
37765417

Exogenous chelating agents influence growth, physiological characteristics, and cell ultrastructure of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings under lead-cadmium stress.

Zhou J et al (2023).
Tree Physiol.
DOI:
10.1093/treephys/tpad120
PubMed:
37756614

Relationship between net primary productivity and stand age in typical plantation forests in China.

Wang YT et al (2023).
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao.
DOI:
10.13287/j.1001-9332.202308.008
PubMed:
37681365

Plant functional traits explain long-term differences in ecosystem services between artificial forests and natural grasslands.

Wang J et al (2023).
J Environ Manage.
DOI:
10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118853
PubMed:
37660423

Mercury distribution in plants and soils from the former mining area of Abbadia San Salvatore (Tuscany, Central Italy).

Meloni F et al (2023).
Environ Geochem Health.
DOI:
10.1007/s10653-023-01739-w
PubMed:
37648955

Monitoring Volatile Organic Compounds and Aroma Profile of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Honey at Different Storage Temperatures during Shelf Life.

Panseri S et al (2023).
Foods.
DOI:
10.3390/foods12163105
PubMed:
37628103

Biological functions of endophytic bacteria in Robinia pseudoacacia 'Hongsen'.

Huang M et al (2023).
Front Microbiol.
DOI:
10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128727
PubMed:
37621396

Allometric relationships for eight species of 4-5 year old nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing trees.

Carreras Pereira KA et al (2023).
PLoS One.
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0289679
PubMed:
37603572

Adaptive response of flavonoids in Robinia pseudoacacia L. affected by the contamination of cadmium and elevated CO(2) to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) reduce cadmium (Cd) content in leaves under elevated CO. However, AMF colonization decreases flavonoid synthesis in the presence of Cd and elevated CO, affecting plant defenses against abiotic stress.

Phytochemistry
Zhang C et al (2023).
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.
DOI:
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115379
PubMed:
37597290

Chromosome-level genome assembly and population genomics of Robinia pseudoacacia reveal the genetic basis for its wide cultivation.

Genetics
Wang Z et al (2023).
Commun Biol.
DOI:
10.1038/s42003-023-05158-6
PubMed:
37524773

Determinants of growth and carbon accumulation of common plantation tree species in the three northern regions, China: Responses to climate and management strategies.

Xie Y et al (2023).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165831
PubMed:
37517713

Invasive Alien Species as a Potential Source of Phytopharmaceuticals: Phenolic Composition and Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Leaf and Flower Extracts.

Summary

This study analyzed the chemical composition of black locust from Croatia. Leaf extracts had higher antioxidant properties, while ethanolic extracts had higher phenolic content. The extracts showed potential for pharmaceutical use and biofilm prevention.

AntimicrobialPhytochemistry
Uzelac M et al (2023).
Plants (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/plants12142715
PubMed:
37514330

First Discovery of the North American Leaf-Mining Moth Chrysaster ostensackenella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Russia: The Genetic Diversity of a Novel Pest in Invaded vs. Native Range.

Kirichenko NI, Kolyada NA and Gomboc S (2023).
Insects.
DOI:
10.3390/insects14070642
PubMed:
37504648

Vegetation restoration altered the soil organic carbon composition and favoured its stability in a Robinia pseudoacacia plantation.

Su Z et al (2023).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165665
PubMed:
37478936

Effect of soil water-phosphorus coupling on the photosynthetic capacity of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings in semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau, China.

Liu M, Yang C and Mu R (2023).
Environ Monit Assess.
DOI:
10.1007/s10661-023-11574-2
PubMed:
37432491

Comparison of the adsorption capacity and mechanisms of mixed heavy metals in wastewater by sheep manure biochar and Robinia pseudoacacia biochar.

Wang S, Li X and Zhu Y (2023).
Water Sci Technol.
DOI:
10.2166/wst.2023.180
PubMed:
37387432

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Robinia pseudoacacia L. Growing on Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals.

Zhao L et al (2023).
J Fungi (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/jof9060684
PubMed:
37367620

[Effects of Short-term Nitrogen Addition on Soil Organic Carbon Components in Robinia pseudoacacia L. Plantation].

Jian JN et al (2023).
Huan Jing Ke Xue.
DOI:
10.13227/j.hjkx.202205078
PubMed:
37177949

Multispectral versus texture features from ZiYuan-3 for recognizing on deciduous tree species with cloud and SVM models.

Liu X et al (2023).
Sci Rep.
DOI:
10.1038/s41598-023-28532-0
PubMed:
37147333

Genomic and Secretomic Analyses of the Newly Isolated Fungus Perenniporia fraxinea SS3 Identified CAZymes Potentially Related to a Serious Pathogenesis of Hardwood Trees.

Matsumoto R et al (2023).
Appl Environ Microbiol.
DOI:
10.1128/aem.00272-23
PubMed:
37098943

From comfort zone to mortality: Sequence of physiological stress thresholds in Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings during progressive drought.

Wang X et al (2023).
Front Plant Sci.
DOI:
10.3389/fpls.2023.1149760
PubMed:
37008484

Salt Stress Inhibits Photosynthesis and Destroys Chloroplast Structure by Downregulating Chloroplast Development-Related Genes in Robinia pseudoacacia Seedlings.

Genetics
Lu C et al (2023).
Plants (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/plants12061283
PubMed:
36986971

Depth-dependent effects of tree species identity on soil microbial community characteristics and multifunctionality.

Xu Z et al (2023).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162972
PubMed:
36958562

Elution-extrusion counter-current chromatographic separation and theoretical mechanism of antioxidant from Robinia pseudoacacia flower.

Liu C et al (2023).
J Sep Sci.
DOI:
10.1002/jssc.202200958
PubMed:
36929337

Fermentation of Robinia pseudoacacia flower for improving the antioxidation: optimized conditions, active composition, mechanism, and biotransformation process.

Yang Y et al (2023).
Prep Biochem Biotechnol.
DOI:
10.1080/10826068.2023.2185637
PubMed:
36880129

Applicability of Point- and Polygon-Based Vegetation Monitoring Data to Identify Soil, Hydrological and Climatic Driving Forces of Biological Invasions-A Case Study of Ailanthus altissima, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Robinia pseudoacacia.

Visztra GV et al (2023).
Plants (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/plants12040855
PubMed:
36840203

[Effects of canopy density on understory plant diversity in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations on the Loess Plateau of China].

Wang Y et al (2023).
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao.
DOI:
10.13287/j.1001-9332.202302.008
PubMed:
36803707

A Wireless Acoustic Emission Sensor System with ACMD-IGWO-XGBoost Algorithm for Living Tree Moisture Content Diagnosis.

Yang Z, Wu Y and Liu Y (2023).
Plants (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/plants12030601
PubMed:
36771684

The Effect of Tree Spacing on Yields of Alley Cropping Systems-A Case Study from Hungary.

Honfy V et al (2023).
Plants (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/plants12030595
PubMed:
36771678

Species mixing enhances the resistance of Robinia pseudoacacia L. to drought events in semi-arid regions: Evidence from China's Loess Plateau.

Chen M et al (2023).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161796
PubMed:
36702266

Differences in soil water storage, consumption, and use efficiency of typical vegetation types and their responses to precipitation in the Loess Plateau, China.

Chen J et al (2023).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161710
PubMed:
36682562

Future Trends in Obolodiplosis robiniae Distribution across Eurasian Continent under Global Climate Change.

Zhao JQ et al (2023).
Insects.
DOI:
10.3390/insects14010048
PubMed:
36661975

Nitrogen and light regulate symbiotic nitrogen fixation by a temperate forest tree.

Ottinger SL, Miniat CF and Wurzburger N (2023).
Oecologia.
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-023-05313-0
PubMed:
36637524

[Mineralization Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Relationship with Organic Carbon Components in Artificial Robinia pseudoacacia Forest in Loess Hilly Region].

Zhu YF et al (2023).
Huan Jing Ke Xue.
DOI:
10.13227/j.hjkx.202203162
PubMed:
36635832

A broad spectrum of host plant responses to the actions of the gall midge: case study of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman).

Staszak AM et al (2023).
BMC Plant Biol.
DOI:
10.1186/s12870-022-03914-0
PubMed:
36627562

Nano Ag/Co(3)O(4) Catalyzed Rapid Decomposition of Robinia pseudoacacia Bark for Production Biofuels and Biochemicals.

Yue X et al (2022).
Polymers (Basel).
DOI:
10.3390/polym15010114
PubMed:
36616464

Investigating the vertical distribution of dissolved organic matter in 5-m soil profiles in farmland and typical woodland on the southern loess plateau.

Han C et al (2023).
Environ Res.
DOI:
10.1016/j.envres.2022.115017
PubMed:
36495959

Complete mitochondrial genome of Cyclopelta obscura (Lepeletier & Serville, 1825) (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea: Dinidoridae) and phylogenetic analysis of Pentatomoidea species.

Genetics
Yan B and Chen S (2023).
Arch Insect Biochem Physiol.
DOI:
10.1002/arch.21985
PubMed:
36415060

Delaying drought-driven leaf cells damages may be the key trait of invasive trees for ensuring their success in the Mediterranean basin.

Azzarà M et al (2022).
Tree Physiol.
DOI:
10.1093/treephys/tpac134
PubMed:
36413098

Evaluating potential groundwater recharge in the unsteady state for deep-rooted afforestation in deep loess deposits.

Chen G et al (2023).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159837
PubMed:
36411672

Forest access restores foraging and ranging behavior in captive sifakas.

Greene LK et al (2022).
Zoo Biol.
DOI:
10.1002/zoo.21742
PubMed:
36251585

Changes in Soil Organic C Fractions and C Pool Stability Are Mediated by C-Degrading Enzymes in Litter Decomposition of Robinia pseudoacacia Plantations.

Xu MP et al (2023).
Microb Ecol.
DOI:
10.1007/s00248-022-02113-6
PubMed:
36123554

Intrusive growth of initials does not affect cambial circumference in Robinia pseudoacacia.

Miodek A et al (2022).
Sci Rep.
DOI:
10.1038/s41598-022-11272-y
PubMed:
35523846

Variation of phenotypic and physiological traits of Robinia pseudoacacia L. from 20 provenances.

Guo Q et al (2022).
PLoS One.
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0262278
PubMed:
34986177

Commodity risk assessment of Robinia pseudoacacia plants from Turkey.

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) et al (2021).
EFSA J.
DOI:
10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6568
PubMed:
33976711

Quantifying the effects of Robinia pseudoacacia afforestation on plant community structure from a functional perspective: New prospects for management practices on the hilly and gullied Loess Plateau, China.

Hu S et al (2021).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144878
PubMed:
33940705

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) range contraction and expansion in Europe under changing climate.

Puchałka R et al (2021).
Glob Chang Biol.
DOI:
10.1111/gcb.15486
PubMed:
33336522

Commodity risk assessment of Robinia pseudoacacia plants from Israel.

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) et al (2020).
EFSA J.
DOI:
10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6039
PubMed:
32874255

Robinia pseudoacacia-dominated vegetation types of Southern Europe: Species composition, history, distribution and management.

Vítková M et al (2020).
Sci Total Environ.
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134857
PubMed:
31881519

[Robinia pseudoacacia poisoning].

Velasco Bernardo R et al (1990).
An Esp Pediatr.
PubMed:
2221640