Silybum marianum

Common Names: blessed milk-thistle, spotted thistle, variegated thistle, milk thistle, blessed milkthistle

Ethnobotanical Studies

Clinical Trials

Nutraceutical blends predict enhanced health via microbiota reshaping improving cytokines and life quality: a Brazilian double-blind randomized trial.

Study showed nutraceutical formulations with prebiotics, minerals, and silymarin improved gut microbiota, sleep, quality of life, and metabolic markers in overweight/obese individuals. NSupple_Silybum had significant positive effects on microbiota composition.

Santamarina AB et al (2024).
Sci Rep.
PubMed:
38750102

Silymarin (Milk Thistle) Treatment of Adults With Gambling Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Grant JE, Driessens C and Chamberlain SR (2024).
Clin Neuropharmacol.
PubMed:
38478366

Novel nutraceutical supplements with yeast β-glucan, prebiotics, minerals, and Silybum marianum (silymarin) ameliorate obesity-related metabolic and clinical parameters: A double-blind randomized trial.

This study aims to explore the effectiveness of a new nutraceutical supplement in improving metabolic and endocrine parameters related to obesity.

Nehmi-Filho V et al (2023).
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).
PubMed:
36778595

Studies

Silymarin in combination with hair follicle transplantation as a potential treatment for refractory vitiligo: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Feily A et al (2024).
J Cosmet Dermatol.
PubMed:
39161267

An untargeted metabolomics approach applied to the study of the bioavailability and metabolism of three different bioactive plant extracts in human blood samples.

Villegas-Aguilar MDC et al (2024).
Food Funct.
PubMed:
39158031

Unlocking the possibilities of therapeutic potential of silymarin and silibinin against neurodegenerative Diseases-A mechanistic overview.

Summary

Silymarin from Silybum marianum plant is a potent antioxidant, liver protective, and potential neuroprotective agent with immunomodulatory properties. It shows promise for treating liver diseases, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and cerebral ischemia.

Ashique S et al (2024).
Eur J Pharmacol.
PubMed:
39154829

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) as affected by some plant growth regulators.

Fanai S, Bakhshi D and Abbaszadeh B (2024).
Food Sci Nutr.
PubMed:
39139968

The influence of co-encapsulated L. plantarum and Silybum marianum seed extract on the physicochemical properties of synbiotic cheese during ripening.

Bakhtiyari M, Hamidi-Esfahani Z and Barzegar M (2024).
Food Chem X.
PubMed:
39139494

Genetic diversity of a Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. germplasm collection revealed by DNA Diversity Array Technology (DArTseq).

Puglisi D et al (2024).
PLoS One.
PubMed:
39110685

Evaluation of oral silymarin formulation efficacy in prevention of doxorubicin induced hepatotoxicity in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer.

Summary

Silymarin can help prevent chemotherapy-induced liver damage in breast cancer patients on doxorubicin-containing regimens. Consider adding silymarin to treatment plans to protect liver function.

Fatemi Shandiz A et al (2024).
J Oncol Pharm Pract.
PubMed:
39110237

Unlocking milk thistle's anti-psoriatic potential in mice: Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR and KEAP1/NRF2/NF-κB pathways to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress.

Kamel NM et al (2024).
Int Immunopharmacol.
PubMed:
39059101

Chemical Standardization of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Extract Using UHPLC-MS/MS and the Method of Standard Addition.

Muchiri RN and van Breemen RB (2024).
J Am Soc Mass Spectrom.
PubMed:
38953246

Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro-in ovo toxicological screening of silibinin fatty acids conjugates as prodrugs with potential biomedical applications.

Dehelean C et al (2024).
Biomol Biomed.
PubMed:
38907734

Physiological and growth responses of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) to soil-applied herbicides.

Hammami H and Eslami SV (2024).
J Environ Manage.
PubMed:
38897086

Effects of Silybum marianum, Pueraria lobate, combined with Salvia miltiorrhiza tablets on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: A triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Li BY et al (2024).
Clin Nutr ESPEN.
PubMed:
38879879

HPLC, NMR Based Characterization, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Chemical Constituents from Therapeutically Active Fungal Endophytes.

Summary

Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants produce bioactive compounds with potential for drug development. Aspergillus flavus showed antibiofilm and antioxidant activity, with compounds identified for anti-cancer properties. Further research is warranted on these promising findings.

Shah WH et al (2024).
J Microbiol Biotechnol.
PubMed:
38858094

Silibinin as a major component of milk thistle seed provides promising influences against diabetes and its complications: a systematic review.

Summary

Silibinin from milk thistle improves diabetes by reducing insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. It also protects against diabetic complications like liver damage and neuropathy. Clinical studies support its potential as a treatment, but more research is needed.

Review Diabetes
Zare Mehrjerdi P et al (2024).
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.
PubMed:
38801454

Potential Anti-Tumorigenic Properties of Diverse Medicinal Plants against the Majority of Common Types of Cancer.

Summary

Study shows natural products from plants have potential in cancer therapy. Phytochemicals regulate molecular pathways, offering chemo-preventive benefits. Literature review highlights medicinal plants' anticancer effects and mechanisms. Important for developing targeted treatments.

Review Cancer
Albahri G et al (2024).
Pharmaceuticals (Basel).
PubMed:
38794144

Erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged mesoporous silica composite nanoparticles for loading and controlled release of the hepatoprotective agent silibinin: A-synthesis and physicochemical characterization.

Tayebi Khorrami V et al (2024).
J Pharm Pharmacol.
PubMed:
38762907

Silibinin as a promising treatment for diabetes: Insights into behavioral and metabolic changes in an animal model.

Summary

Silibinin from milk thistle improves insulin secretion and sensitivity, reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. Also improves anxiety-like behaviors and learning, and protects liver function.

Dagli Gul AS, Boyuk Ozcan G and Arihan O (2024).
Food Sci Nutr.
PubMed:
38726421

Silymarin: Unveiling its pharmacological spectrum and therapeutic potential in liver diseases-A comprehensive narrative review.

Review
Jaffar HM et al (2024).
Food Sci Nutr.
PubMed:
38726410

Silymarin inhibits dermal gelatinolytic activity and reduces cutaneous inflammation.

Summary

Silymarin from milk thistle inhibits skin inflammation by targeting gelatinases, with potential for treating skin disorders. It also reduces ear edema by 74%.

Mota J et al (2024).
Nat Prod Res.
PubMed:
38684022

Anti-Tumor Activity and Mechanism of Silibinin Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification.

Summary

Silibinin, a compound from milk thistle seeds, has anti-tumor effects in adenoid cystic carcinoma cells and mice. It inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, and alters protein expression related to cancer pathways. Potential key targets include CASP3, SRC, and JAK. Use of silibinin in cancer treatment is supported.

Li P et al (2024).
Molecules.
PubMed:
38675723

Cardioprotective and Hepatoprotective Potential of Silymarin in Paracetamol-Induced Oxidative Stress.

Summary

Silymarin protects against paracetamol-induced liver and heart damage by reducing oxidative stress markers and restoring antioxidant enzyme activity. Potentially valuable therapeutic agent for liver and heart diseases.

Okiljević B et al (2024).
Pharmaceutics.
PubMed:
38675181

Supplementation of Silymarin Alone or in Combination with Salvianolic Acids B and Puerarin Regulates Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolism to Improve High-Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD in Mice.

Wang X et al (2024).
Nutrients.
PubMed:
38674860

Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Elicitors on Organogenesis, Biomass Accumulation, and Production of Key Secondary Metabolites in Asteraceae Plants.

Review
Petrova M, Miladinova-Georgieva K and Geneva M (2024).
Int J Mol Sci.
PubMed:
38673783

Spectroscopic investigation and structural simulation in human serum albumin with hydroxychloroquine/Silybum marianum and a possible potential COVID-19 drug candidate.

Summary

Tossers studied binding between HCQ/SM and HSA, inducing conformational changes, with potential therapeutic relevance for COVID-19 due to strong interaction with virus proteases. Valuable insights for pharmaceutical and biological properties.

Tekyeh MSH et al (2024).
Arch Pharm (Weinheim).
PubMed:
38644340

Tunisian Silybum Species: Important Sources of Polyphenols, Organic Acids, Minerals, and Proteins across Various Plant Organs.

Maaloul S et al (2024).
Plants (Basel).
PubMed:
38611518

Mitigation of haemato-genotoxic and stress response effects in Cyprinus carpio via silymarin dietary supplementation following deltamethrin exposure.

Jindal R et al (2024).
Heliyon.
PubMed:
38590886

Nephroprotective effects of silymarin and its fabricated nanoparticles against aluminum-induced oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, and genotoxicity.

El-Demerdash FM et al (2024).
Environ Toxicol.
PubMed:
38546352

Silybin Alleviated Hepatic Injury by Regulating Redox Balance, Inflammatory Response, and Mitochondrial Function in Weaned Piglets under Paraquat-Induced Oxidative Stress.

Cai L et al (2024).
Antioxidants (Basel).
PubMed:
38539857

Genetic activity and cytotoxic effect of Silybum marianum extract in comparison with the impact of antitumor drugs etoposide and methotrexate: a study on Drosophila melanogaster.

Summary

Researchers tested a plant extract's protective properties against cancer medications. Results show the extract reduces genotoxicity and enhances cytotoxic effects of the medications. This research could lead to improved treatment strategies.

Antosyuk ON, Sharova EA and Verbitskaya AK (2024).
Nat Prod Res.
PubMed:
38534126

Protective Effect of Silibinin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endotoxemia by Inhibiting Caspase-11-Dependent Cell Pyroptosis.

Ou JY et al (2024).
Chin J Integr Med.
PubMed:
38532152

Rifampin- and Silymarin-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Exogenous and Endogenous Substrates in a Transgenic OATP1B Mouse Model.

Bechtold BJ et al (2024).
Mol Pharm.
PubMed:
38529622

Cost-effectiveness of dietary supplement ingredients versus generic statins for LDL reduction.

White CM et al (2024).
Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm.
PubMed:
38486611

Metabolic profiling of milk thistle different organs using UPLC-TQD-MS/MS coupled to multivariate analysis in relation to their selective antiviral potential.

Summary

Silybum marianum (milk thistle) has potent antiviral properties, making it a crucial medicinal plant for combating various viruses.

El-Banna AA and Ibrahim RS (2024).
BMC Complement Med Ther.
PubMed:
38454377

Evaluation of Bioactive Effects of Five Plant Extracts with Different Phenolic Compositions against Different Therapeutic Targets.

Villegas-Aguilar MDC et al (2024).
Antioxidants (Basel).
PubMed:
38397815

Supplementation with Silybum marianum Extract, Synbiotics, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Vitamins, and Minerals: Impact on Biochemical Markers and Fecal Microbiome in Overweight Dogs.

Summary

This study looked at the effect of a supplement on liver functions and gut microbiota in overweight dogs. Results showed improvements in inflammation and metabolic status, but individual variability in the microbiome may impact supplement effectiveness. Further research is needed.

Balouei F et al (2024).
Animals (Basel).
PubMed:
38396547

Middle Eastern Plants with Potent Cytotoxic Effect Against Lung Cancer Cells.

Summary

Researchers screened Middle Eastern plants for cytotoxic effects against lung cancer cell lines. Some extracts showed potent efficacy in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, suggesting potential as alternative cancer treatments. Additional research into these plant extracts could lead to new cancer therapies.

Nazeam JA and El-Emam SZ (2024).
J Med Food.
PubMed:
38381516

Determining the potential targets of silybin by molecular docking and its antibacterial functions on efflux pumps and porins in uropathogenic E. coli.

Fekri Kohan S et al (2024).
Int Microbiol.
PubMed:
38363383

Efficacy and Mechanisms of Silybum Marianum, Silymarin, and Silibinin on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis Symptoms: A Systematic Review.

Habibi Ghahfarrokhi S et al (2024).
Curr Rheumatol Rev.
PubMed:
38314596

Mitigation of intrahepatic cholestasis induced by 17α-ethinylestradiol via nanoformulation of Silybum marianum L.

Salem MB et al (2024).
BMC Complement Med Ther.
PubMed:
38263002

Fermented formulation of Silybum marianum seeds: Optimization, heavy metal analysis, and hepatoprotective assessment.

Singla RK et al (2023).
Phytomedicine.
PubMed:
38241906

Co-treatment of silymarin and cisplatin inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer.

Summary

Researchers investigated the effects of combining cisplatin (a chemotherapy drug) with silymarin (an extract from milk thistle) on ovarian cancer cells. Silymarin enhanced the anticancer effects of cisplatin, offering potential for improved treatment options. Important for developing effective ovarian cancer therapies.

Karimzadeh MR et al (2024).
Mol Biol Rep.
PubMed:
38227082

Effects of Silybum marianum L. Seed Extracts on Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Bacteria.

El-Sapagh S et al (2023).
Molecules.
PubMed:
38202647

Green and sustainable practices for an energy plant cultivation on naturally contaminated versus spiked soils. The impact of ageing soil pollution in the circular economy framework.

Papadimou SG and Golia EE (2024).
Environ Res.
PubMed:
38191042

Designing a Silymarin Nanopercolating System Using CME@ZIF-8: An Approach to Hepatic Injuries.

Yu H et al (2023).
ACS Omega.
PubMed:
38144097

Evaluation of acute, subacute, and subchronic toxicity of a hepatoprotective herbal formulation.

Bemidinezhad A et al (2023).
Toxicol Rep.
PubMed:
38045604

Application of SNAP-tag-EGFR cell membrane chromatography model in screening antitumor active components of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

Summary

Researchers used a model to identify four potential EGFR antagonists in Silybum marianum, showing potential for new, efficient, and less toxic cancer treatment.

Zhang X et al (2023).
J Pharm Biomed Anal.
PubMed:
37976988

Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Silybum marianum Seed Extract Rich in Silydianin and Silychristin in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome.

Awla NJ, Naqishbandi AM and Baqi Y (2023).
ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci.
PubMed:
37974616

Inhibition of Phagocytosis by Silibinin in Mouse Macrophages.

Summary

Silibinin, derived from milk thistle, effectively inhibits macrophage activation by preventing morphological changes and reducing phagocytosis. It targets key inflammatory pathways, making it a potential anti-inflammatory agent with promising therapeutic properties.

Sun KH, Lee MY and Jeon YJ (2023).
Curr Issues Mol Biol.
PubMed:
37886956

Highlighting the Use of the Hepatoprotective Nutritional Supplements among Patients with Chronic Diseases.

Foghis M et al (2023).
Healthcare (Basel).
PubMed:
37830722

Berberine-silybin salt achieves improved anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease effect through regulating lipid metabolism.

Ma X et al (2023).
J Ethnopharmacol.
PubMed:
37774895

Adsorption of Basic Yellow 28 and Basic Blue 3 Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Silybum Marianum Stem as a Low-Cost Adsorbent.

Börklü Budak T et al (2023).
Molecules.
PubMed:
37764414

Pathophysiology of diabetic hepatopathy and molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective effects of phytochemicals.

Summary

Herbal extracts like Moringa oleifera and Boswellia serrata have been shown to improve liver function in diabetes. They contain phenolic compounds that protect the liver through various mechanisms, including improving glucose metabolism and antioxidant defense.

Review Diabetes
Mobasheri L et al (2023).
Biomed Pharmacother.
PubMed:
37734266

Potential antibacterial and antioxidant inhibitory activities of Silybum marianum mediated biosynthesised He-Ne laser.

Aldayel MF et al (2023).
Saudi J Biol Sci.
PubMed:
37692328

Evaluation of efficacy of Silybum marianum flower extract on the mitigating hair loss in vitro and in vivo.

You J et al (2023).
J Cosmet Dermatol.
PubMed:
37675655

Liposomal silymarin anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic features in lung cells: An implication in cadmium toxicity.

Gheybi F et al (2023).
J Trace Elem Med Biol.
PubMed:
37672872

Effect of Field Trial on Silymarin Complex Composition and Antioxidant Assessment of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertner).

Summary

Researchers conducted a trial to study the impact of growing conditions on milk thistle quality. They found that weather conditions and row spacing significantly influenced the yields of health-beneficial compounds. Highest yields were obtained in the 2021 growing season with a spacing of 37 cm.

Pluháčková H et al (2023).
Plant Foods Hum Nutr.
PubMed:
37668769

Characterization of metabolites from milk thistle flavonolignans generated by human fecal microbiota.

Summary

Scientists studied the biotransformation of milk thistle flavonolignans by gut microorganisms. They identified metabolites and potential pharmacological activities. This information is important for understanding the oral bioavailability and potential health benefits of milk thistle.

Pferschy-Wenzig EM et al (2023).
Phytochemistry.
PubMed:
37648045

The Main Medicinal Plants in Arid Regions of Uzbekistan and Their Traditional Use in Folk Medicine.

Abduraimov OS et al (2023).
Plants (Basel).
PubMed:
37631161

Green inspired synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Silybum marianum (milk thistle) extract and evaluation of their potential pesticidal and phytopathogens activities.

Jahan N et al (2023).
PeerJ.
PubMed:
37601248

A Genomic Evaluation of Six Selected Inbred Lines of the Naturalized Plants of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) in Korea.

Shim J et al (2023).
Plants (Basel).
PubMed:
37514316

Authentication of milk thistle commercial products using UHPLC-QTOF-ESI + MS metabolomics and DNA metabarcoding.

Raclariu-Manolică AC et al (2023).
BMC Complement Med Ther.
PubMed:
37480124

Silibinin ameliorates STING-mediated neuroinflammation via downregulation of ferroptotic damage in a sporadic Alzheimer's disease model.

Summary

Silibinin, extracted from Silybum marianum, protects against ferroptotic damage and neuroinflammation in a sporadic AD model by regulating key proteins and pathways.

Liu P et al (2023).
Arch Biochem Biophys.
PubMed:
37473980

Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Glycosylated Derivatives of Silibinin as Potential Anti-Tumor Agents.

Xi JJ et al (2023).
Drug Des Devel Ther.
PubMed:
37457888

Silymarin pretreatment protects against ethanol-induced memory impairment: Biochemical and histopathological evidence.

Jabbari A et al (2023).
J Chem Neuroanat.
PubMed:
37429530

Estimation of the Controlled Release of Antioxidants from β-Cyclodextrin/Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) or Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.), Asteraceae, Hydrophilic Extract Complexes through the Fast and Cheap Spectrophotometric Technique.

Horablaga A et al (2023).
Plants (Basel).
PubMed:
37375976

LC-MS Metabolomic Profiling of Five Types of Unrefined, Cold-Pressed Seed Oils to Identify Markers to Determine Oil Authenticity and to Test for Oil Adulteration.

Sumara A et al (2023).
Molecules.
PubMed:
37375308

Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic, Antilipidemic, and Protective Effect of Polyherbal Emulsion (F6-SMONSECCE) on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Summary

This study tested a polyherbal emulsion on diabetic rats and found that it reduced blood glucose and lipid levels, increased insulin, and protected pancreas and kidney tissues. It suggests that the formulation could be used as a remedy or alongside traditional diabetes medication.

Akhtar MT et al (2023).
ACS Omega.
PubMed:
37360421

Facilitated on-line supercritical fluid extraction - supercritical fluid chromatography for nonpolar and polar compounds from milk thistle seeds.

Gros Q et al (2023).
J Chromatogr A.
PubMed:
37348225

Suspected cutaneous adverse drug reactions reported with traditional medicines: analysis of data for United Nations Asia region from WHO VigiBase.

Barvaliya MJ et al (2023).
Front Pharmacol.
PubMed:
37324461

Forecasting of potential anti-inflammatory targets of some immunomodulatory plants and their constituents using in vitro, molecular docking and network pharmacology-based analysis.

Khairy A et al (2023).
Sci Rep.
PubMed:
37308513

A Descriptive Review of the Action Mechanisms of Berberine, Quercetin and Silymarin on Insulin Resistance/Hyperinsulinemia and Cardiovascular Prevention.

Summary

Insulin resistance (IR) leads to diabetes and cardiovascular issues. Natural substances like berberine, quercetin, and silymarin combat this by targeting insulin signaling and reducing inflammation. Further research on human usage is needed.

Review Cardiology
Bellavite P, Fazio S and Affuso F (2023).
Molecules.
PubMed:
37298967

In vitro effects of undifferentiated callus extracts from Plantago major L, Rhodiola rosea L and Silybum marianum L in normal and malignant human skin cells.

Gjörloff Wingren A et al (2023).
Heliyon.
PubMed:
37292297

Pharmaceutical prospects of Silymarin for the treatment of neurological patients: an updated insight.

Review
Ranjan S and Gautam A (2023).
Front Neurosci.
PubMed:
37274201

Silibinin supplementation ameliorates the toxic effects of butyl benzyl phthalate on porcine oocytes by eliminating oxidative stress and autophagy.

Li Y et al (2023).
Environ Pollut.
PubMed:
37120001

Core Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of 5,7,20-O-Trimethylsilybins in Prostate Cancer Cell Models.

Wu S et al (2023).
Pharmaceuticals (Basel).
PubMed:
37111288

Development of an Effective Acne Treatment Based on CBD and Herbal Extracts: Preliminary In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and Clinical Evaluation.

Cohen G et al (2023).
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.
PubMed:
37101713

Silymarin in combination with ATRA enhances apoptosis induction in human acute promyelocytic NB4 cells.

Parsa L et al (2023).
Toxicon.
PubMed:
37085055

Silymarin ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.

Bai Y et al (2023).
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol.
PubMed:
37052642

Quality Changes of Cold-Pressed Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Seed Oils during Storage.

Tarasevičienė Ž et al (2023).
Plants (Basel).
PubMed:
36987040

Detecting and Profiling of Milk Thistle Metabolites in Food Supplements: A Safety-Oriented Approach by Advanced Analytics.

Review
Raclariu-Manolică AC and Socaciu C (2023).
Metabolites.
PubMed:
36984880

Preclinical Evidence-based Neuroprotective Potential of Silibinin.

Summary

Silibinin, a natural product found in Silybum marianum, has been used for liver diseases and shows neuroprotective activities in animal studies. Studies suggest it alters several cellular and molecular signaling pathways, including BDNF and mTOR, exhibiting antioxidant effects. This review summarizes the pharmacology, side effects, and potential therapeutic effects of silibinin for neurodegenerative disorders. Silibinin may serve as a therapeutic alternative for neurodegenerative disorders and requires further preclinical and clinical research.

Kumar Singh N and Bhushan B (2023).
Curr Drug Res Rev.
PubMed:
36974407

Tolerability and effectiveness of a dermocosmetic product containing Silybum marianum fruit extract in adolescents and young adults with acne-prone skin: An international, phase IV, longitudinal study.

Bageorgou F et al (2023).
J Cosmet Dermatol.
PubMed:
36973603

Targeting TGF-β1/miR-21 Pathway in Keratinocytes Reveals Protective Effects of Silymarin on Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis Mouse Model.

Henriet E et al (2022).
JID Innov.
PubMed:
36968096

An integrated transcriptome and microbial community analysis reveals potential mechanisms for increased immune responses when replacing silybum marianum meal with soybean meal in growing lambs.

Zhang T et al (2023).
Front Microbiol.
PubMed:
36937266

Seed Germination of Three Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) Populations of Greek Origin: Temperature, Duration, and Storage Conditions Effects.

Liava V, Ntatsi G and Karkanis A (2023).
Plants (Basel).
PubMed:
36903886

Efficacy of silymarin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - the Siliver trial: a study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.

de Avelar CR et al (2023).
Trials.
PubMed:
36899430

Pollen morphological investigation of selected species of family Asteraceae from Pakistan by using light and scanning electron microscopy.

Hayat K et al (2023).
Microsc Res Tech.
PubMed:
36876588

Effects of Dietary Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Supplementation in Ducks Fed Mycotoxin-Contaminated Diets.

Bencze-Nagy J et al (2023).
Vet Sci.
PubMed:
36851404

Silibinin Attenuates Experimental Periodontitis by Downregulation of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

Li X et al (2023).
Oxid Med Cell Longev.
PubMed:
36846719

Enhanced Production of Active Photosynthetic and Biochemical Molecules in Silybum marianum L. Using Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors in Hydroponic Culture.

Mubeen B et al (2023).
Molecules.
PubMed:
36838704

Silybin Showed Higher Cytotoxic, Antiproliferative, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities in the CaCo Cancer Cell Line while Retaining Viability and Proliferation in Normal Intestinal IPEC-1 Cells.

Faixová D et al (2023).
Life (Basel).
PubMed:
36836848

Preparation and Characterization of Silymarin Gel: A Novel Topical Mucoadhesive Formulation for Potential Applicability in Oral Pathologies.

Venugopal DC et al (2023).
Gels.
PubMed:
36826309

Pharmacological screening of silibinin for antischizophrenic activity along with its acute toxicity evaluation in experimental animals.

Summary

Silibinin, a compound extracted from milk thistle, has traditionally been used to treat liver disease. This study evaluated the potential of silibinin as an antipsychotic drug and assessed its potential toxicity. Animal studies showed that the LD of silibinin was greater than 2,000mg/kg, indicating low toxicity. Silibinin was found to prevent and reverse symptoms of schizophrenia, including stereotypy and behavioral despair. These findings suggest that silibinin is a safe drug with significant antipsychotic activity against schizophrenia.

Ain QU et al (2023).
Front Pharmacol.
PubMed:
36817163

Synthesis, characterization, and assessment of chitosan-nanomatrix enriched with antifungal formulation against biodeterioration of active ingredients of selected herbal raw materials.

Gupta V, Singh PP and Prakash B (2023).
Int J Biol Macromol.
PubMed:
36791939

Combinatorial treatment with Silybum marianum essential oil enhances the therapeutic efficacy of a 5-fluorouracil base therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

MasodKhooy MJ et al (2023).
Phytother Res.
PubMed:
36788749

Restoring Activity of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative Status, Immunity, and Performance in Poultry and Other Animal Species, Poisoned by Mycotoxins: A Review.

Review
Guerrini A and Tedesco DEA (2023).
Animals (Basel).
PubMed:
36766219

Long-Term Use of Silybum marianum fruit extract Contributes to Homeostasis in Acne-Prone Skin-A 12-Month Follow-Up International "Real Life" Cohort Study.

Saurat JH et al (2022).
J Pers Med.
PubMed:
36675757

Modulation of Insulin Resistance by Silybum marianum Leaves, and its Synergistic Efficacy with Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Trigonella-foenum graecum Against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B.

Rath P et al (2023).
Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev.
PubMed:
36641593

Growth-promoting and immunostimulatory effects of phytobiotics as dietary supplements for Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings.

Abd-Elaziz RA et al (2023).
Fish Shellfish Immunol.
PubMed:
36639065

Synthesis characterisation and neuroprotectivity of Silybum marianum extract loaded chitosan nanoparticles.

Ay HF, Yesilkir-Baydar S and Cakir-Koc R (2023).
J Microencapsul.
PubMed:
36632694

Inhibition of GluN2B pathway is involved in the neuroprotective effect of silibinin on streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease models.

Summary

The study looked at the effects of Silibinin, a natural compound, on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in Alzheimer's disease. The experimenters found that Silibinin has neuroprotective effects on Alzheimer's disease models. The study suggests that Silibinin has potential as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease, and further research is needed.

Liu P et al (2023).
Phytomedicine.
PubMed:
36610115

A computational approach to discover antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes of silymarin derived from Silybum marianum by comparison with hydroxytyrosol.

Verma A et al (2022).
J Biomol Struct Dyn.
PubMed:
36546728

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with chemometric methods for the determination of fatty acid profiles in herbal oils.

Tajabadi F et al (2023).
Biomed Chromatogr.
PubMed:
36515666

Silymarin as a preventive or therapeutic measure for chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced adverse reactions: a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical data.

Review Cancer
Ghodousi M et al (2023).
Eur J Clin Pharmacol.
PubMed:
36450892

Use of Milk Thistle in Farm and Companion Animals: A Review.

Tedesco DEA and Guerrini A (2023).
Planta Med.
PubMed:
36302565

Silymarin: not just another antioxidant.

Review
Camini FC and Costa DC (2020).
J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol.
PubMed:
32134732

Safety and toxicity of silymarin, the major constituent of milk thistle extract: An updated review.

Review
Soleimani V et al (2019).
Phytother Res.
PubMed:
31069872

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases.

Review
Abenavoli L et al (2018).
Phytother Res.
PubMed:
30080294

Milk thistle (Silybum Marianum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: a review.

Review
Fanoudi S et al (2020).
Drug Chem Toxicol.
PubMed:
30033764

Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and its main constituent, silymarin, as a potential therapeutic plant in metabolic syndrome: A review.

Review
Tajmohammadi A, Razavi BM and Hosseinzadeh H (2018).
Phytother Res.
PubMed:
30015401

Milk Thistle.

Review
(2022).
PubMed:
30000830

Silybin, a Major Bioactive Component of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)-Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Metabolism.

Review
Bijak M et al (2017).
Molecules.
PubMed:
29125572

Silybum marianum: Beyond Hepatoprotection.

Review
Bahmani M et al (2015).
J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med.
PubMed:
25686616

Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future.

Review
Abenavoli L et al (2010).
Phytother Res.
PubMed:
20564545