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Traumatic brain injury can have debilitating consequences, with even mild injuries leaving approximately 20% of patients with persistent symptoms. Current pharmaceutical interventions have not improved outcomes after TBI. Research has focused on the endocannabinoid system and the therapeutic benefits of cannabis, including cannabinoids and terpenes. Cannabinoids interact with neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, exerting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects that are desirable for TBI management. This review comprehensively appraises the scientific literature on phytocannabinoids, synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids, and terpenes in TBI and other neurological conditions.